古埃及文明簡介 英文 Egyptian Civilization 不知道大概要多少內(nèi)容：

Ancient Egypt

Giza PyramidsEvidence of human habitation in the Nile Valley since the Paleolithic era appears in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of huntergatherers and fishers replaced a graingrinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society.

By about 6000 BC the Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley.During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally separate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

A unified kingdom was founded circa 3150 BC by King Menes, giving rise to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptians subsequently referred to their unified country as tawy, meaning "two lands", and later kemet (Coptic: kīmi), the "black land", a reference to the fertile black soil deposited by the Nile river. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c.2700?2200 BC., famous for its many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids.

The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza, built during the Old Kingdom, are modern national icons that are at the heart of Egypt's thriving tourism industry.The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

The Hanging Church of Cairo, first built in the third or fourth century AD, is one of the most famous Coptic Churches in Egypt.The New Kingdom (c.1550?1070 BC) began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Jebel Barkal in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most wellknown Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period in the form of Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians drove them out and regained control of their country.

The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks and Romans, beginning over two thousand years of foreign rule.

Before Egypt became part of the Byzantine realm, Christianity had been brought by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the AD first century. Diocletian's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.

The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the seventh century, until in AD 639, Egypt was invaded by the Muslim Arabs. The form of Islam the Arabs brought to Egypt was Sunni. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices that had survived through Coptic Christianity, giving rise to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, including a period for which it was the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids. With the end of the Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a TurcoCircassian military caste, took control about AD 1250. They continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. The mid14thCentury Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population.

下面資料部分詳細，部分簡單，不知道能否有用：
補充：

Pyramid:

A pyramid is a building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point. The base of pyramids are usually quadrilateral or trilateral (but generally may be of any polygon shape), meaning that a pyramid usually has four or five faces. A pyramid's design, with the majority of the weight closer to the ground, means that less material higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above. This allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures.
The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest manmade constructions. There are 138 pyramids discovered in Egypt as of 2008. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. Until Lincoln Cathedral was built in 1300 A.D., it was the tallest building in the world. The base is over 52,600 square meters in area.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and the only one of the seven to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians capped the peaks of their pyramids with gold and covered their faces with polished white limestone, though many of the stones used for the purpose have fallen or been removed for other structures.

Temple:

Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock temples in southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser about 290 km southwest of Aswan. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments", which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan).
The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples, chapels, pylons and other buildings. It is located near Luxor in Egypt. This was ancient Egyptian Ipetisut ("The Most Selected of Places"), the main place of worship of the Theban Triad with Amun as its head, in the monumental city of Thebes. The complex retrieves its current name from the nearby and partly surrounding modern village of elKarnak, some 2.5km north of Luxor.
The Ramesseum is the memorial temple (or mortuary temple) of Pharaoh Ramesses II ("Ramesses the Great", also spelt "Ramses" and "Rameses"). It is located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt, across the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor. The name – or at least its French form, Rhamesséion – was coined by JeanFran?ois Champollion, who visited the ruins of the site in 1829 and first identified the hieroglyphs making up Ramesses's names and titles on the walls. It was originally called the House of millions of years of Usermaatrasetepenra that unites with Thebesthecity in the domain of Amon.
The Temple of Kom Ombo is an unusual double temple built during the rule Ptolemaic dynasty in the Egyptian town of Kom Ombo. Some additions to it were later made during the Roman period. The building is unique because its 'double' design meant that there were courts, halls, sanctuaries and rooms duplicated for two sets of gods. The southern half of the temple was dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek, god of fertility and creator of the world with Hathor and Khonsu. Meanwhile, the northern part of the temple was dedicated to the falcon god Haroeris, also known as Horus the Elder, along "with Tasenetnofret (the Good Sister, a special form of Hathor) and Panebtawy (Lord of the Two Lands)." The temple is atypical because everything is perfectly symmetrical along the main axis.

Mummy:

The English word mummy is derived from medieval Latin mumia, a borrowing of the Persian or Arabic word mūmiyyah , which means "bitumen". Because of the blackened skin bitumen was once thought to be used extensively in ancient Egyptian embalming procedures.
A mummy is a corpse whose skin and flesh have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs. The oldest mummified head is 6000 year old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at the Zürich' AMS facility, see [1], was presented at the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. Mummies of humans and other animals have been found throughout the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to preserve the dead.
Although mummification existed in other cultures, eternal life was the main focus of all Ancient Egyptians, which meant preserving the body forever. Egyptian culture believed the body was home in the afterlife to a person's Ka and Ba, without which it would be condemned to eternal wandering.
The earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed 'Ginger' because of the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than other famous mummies, such as Rameses II or Seti I. Currently on display in the British Museum, Ginger was discovered buried in hot desert sand. Desert conditions can naturally preserve bodies so it is uncertain whether the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels it is likely that the mummification was a result of preservation techniques of those burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent the corpse from being eaten by jackals and other scavengers and the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain the deceased during the journey to the other world. While there are no written records of religion from that time, the beliefs of those who buried Ginger could have resembled the later religion to some extent. 絲綢之路的一些景點。用英文！！！ The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is an interconnected series of trade routes through various regions of the Asian continent mainly connecting Chang'an (today's Xi'an) in China, with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean. It extends over 8,000 km (5,000 miles) on land and sea.

Trade on the Silk Route was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India and Rome, and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.

Silk road is a translation from the German Seidenstra?e. The first person who used the term was the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877.

[edit] Routes
As it extends westwards from the commercial centers of North China, the continental Silk Road divides into north and south routes to avoid the Tibetan Plateau:

The northern route passes through the Bulgar–Kypchak region. It travels northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu, and splits into three further routes, two of them passing north and south of the Taklamakan desert to rejoin at Kashgar; and the other going north of the Tien Shan mountains through Turfan and Almaty. All of these routes cross high mountain passes to join up at Kokand in the Fergana Valley, and the roads continue west across the Karakum Desert towards Merv, joining the southern route briefly.

One route turns northwest along the Amu Darya (river) to the Aral Sea, through ancient civilizations under the present site of Astrakhan, and on to the Crimean peninsula. From there it crosses the Black Sea, Marmara Sea and the Balkans to Venice, another crosses the Caspian Sea and across the Caucasus to the Black Sea in Georgia, thence to Constantinople.

The southern route is mainly a single route running through northern India, then the Turkestan–Khorasan region into Mesopotamia and Anatolia; having southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points. It runs south through the Sichuan Basin in China and crosses the high mountains into northeast India, probably via the Ancient tea route. It then travels west along the Brahmaputra and Ganges river plains, possibly joining the Grand Trunk Road west of Varanasi. It runs through northern Pakistan and over the Hindu Kush mountains to rejoin the northern route briefly near Merv.

It then follows an almost straight line west through mountainous northern Iran and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant. From there Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy, and land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa.

[edit] Railway
The last missing link on the Silk Road was completed in 1994, when the international railway between Almaty and Urumqi opened.

[edit] Sea
The Silk Road on the Sea extends from South China, to presentday Philippines, Brunei, Siam, Malacca, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, and Iran.

In Europe it extends from Israel, Lebanon, Egypt and Italy in the Mediterranean Sea, to Portugal and Sweden.

On August 7, 2005 it was reported that the Antiquity and Monument Office of Hong Kong was planning to propose the Silk Road on the Sea as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

[edit] Origins

[edit] Crosscontinental journeys
As the domestication of efficient pack animals and the development of shipping technology both increased the capacity for prehistoric peoples to carry heavier loads over greater distances, cultural exchanges and trade developed rapidly.

In addition, grassland provides fertile grazing, water, and easy passage for caravans. The vast grassland steppes of Asia enabled merchants to travel immense distances, from the shores of the Pacific to Africa and deep into Europe, without trespassing on agricultural lands and arousing hostility.

[edit] Evidence for ancient transport and trade routes
The ancient peoples of the Sahara imported domesticated animals from Asia between 7500 and 4000 BC.

Foreign artifacts dating to the 5th millennium BC in the Badarian culture of Egypt indicate contact with distant Syria [1].

In predynastic Egypt, by the 4th millennium BC shipping was well established, and the donkey and possibly the dromedary had been domesticated. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for transport then followed (see Domestication of the horse).

Also by the beginning of the 4th millennium BC, ancient Egyptians in Maadi were importing pottery [2] as well as construction ideas from Canaan.

By the second half of the 4th millennium BC, the gemstone Lapis lazuli was being traded from its only known source in the ancient world — Badakshan, in what is now northeastern Afghanistan — as far as Mesopotamia and Egypt. By the third millennium BC the lapis lazuli trade was extended to Harappa and Mohenjodaro in the Indus valley, the present day Pakistan.

Routes along the Persian Royal Road (constructed in the 5th century BC) may have been in use as early as 3500 BC. Charcoal samples found in the tombs of Nekhen, which were dated to the Naqada I and II periods, have been identified as cedar from Lebanon.

In 1994 excavators discovered an incised ceramic shard with the serekh sign of Narmer, dating to circa 3000 BC. Mineralogical studies reveal the shard to be a fragment of a wine jar exported from the Nile valley to Israel (see Narmer).

The ancient harbor constructed in Lothal, India, may be the oldest seafaring harbor known.

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不夠聯(lián)系我.

have a good day 埃及眾神的英語介紹 埃及眾神
【九柱神(Ennead)】:埃及神話中的九位主要神祗.
拉(Ra):主神,太陽神.其形象與阿蒙結(jié)合在一起.
休(Shu):風(fēng)神.
泰芙努特(Tefnut):雨水之神.
蓋布(Geb):大地之神.
努特(Nuit):天空之神.
歐西里斯(Osiris):冥王
伊西斯(Isis):自然和豐收女神.
賽特(Seth):沙漠，風(fēng)暴，暴亂和邪惡之神
奈芙蒂斯(Nephthys):死者的守護神.
【主要的神】
阿蒙(Ammon):主神.
阿吞(Aton):朝之太陽神.
阿圖姆(Atum):暮之太陽神,拉的別名.
荷魯斯/荷拉斯(Horus):法老的守護神,王權(quán)的象征.外形為鷹頭人身.
阿努比斯(Anubis):死神.外形為豺頭人身.
姆特（Mut/Golden Dawn，Auramooth）:阿蒙之妻，司掌戰(zhàn)爭,外形為獅子.
孔斯（Khons/Chons）：阿蒙與姆特之子，月神，亦司掌醫(yī)藥。
敏（Min/Menu，Amsu）：旅行者的守護神，亦司掌生產(chǎn)及收獲。
莫（Month/Mentu，Men Thu）：司戰(zhàn)爭，外形為鷹首人身。
圖特（Thoth）：智慧之神。
【 動物神】
貝斯特/巴斯苔特（Bast/Bastet）：貓神。
艾德喬（Edjo）：蛇神，下埃及的象征及守護神。
?？兀℉eqet）：蛙神。
凱布利（Khepri）：圣甲蟲。
克奴姆（Khnum）：公羊神。
沙提（Sati）：大象之神。
塞克荷邁特（Sekhmet）：母獅之神。
塞勒凱特（Selket）：蝎子之神。
索貝克（Sobek）：鱷魚之神。
【 其他神】
安穆凱（Anuket）：水神。
阿匹斯（Apis）：司豐饒及生產(chǎn)之神，外形為公牛。
貝斯（Bes）：樂神。
哈波奎迪斯（Harpocrates/Horpakraat;Golden Dawn，Hoorparkraat）：孩提時荷魯斯的稱呼。
哈托爾（Hathor/HetHeru，HetHert）：荷魯斯之妻，司愛情及豐饒。
伊姆賀特普（Imhotep/Imouthis）：醫(yī)藥及塔的守護神。
瑪特（Maat）：正義及秩序之神。
奈特（Neith/Net，Neit; Gold Dawn，Thoumaeshneith）：司智慧及戰(zhàn)爭之神。
奈荷貝特（Nekhbet）：上埃及的保護神。
布塔（Ptah）：創(chuàng)造之神。
奎特（Qetesh）：司愛情及美麗之神。
塞克（Seker）：司光之神。
【祈禱的神】
紹席斯(Saosis):擁有一棵洋槐樹的女神.許多神祗(尤其是荷魯斯)都由她的洋槐樹中產(chǎn)生.
荷魯斯四子（Four Sons of Horus）：冥王身體的守護者。
艾姆謝特（Imset,Amset,Mesta）：荷魯斯四子之一，死者肝臟的保護者。
哈碧（Hapi，Golden Dawn，Ahephi）：荷魯斯四子之一，死者肺的保護者。
多姆泰夫（Duamutef，Tuamutef;Golden Dawn，Thmoomathph）：荷魯斯四子之一，死者胃的保護者。
凱布山納夫（Qebshenuf,Kebechsenef,Kebehsenuf,Qebehsenuf）：荷魯斯四子之一，死者腸的保護者。
【大類】
阿蒙〔Amon〕：底比斯的主神，因底比斯的興起而成為國家的主神。這個名字意指"The Hidden One",圣獸是鵝和公羊。
阿努比斯〔Anubis〕；外形幻化成山犬的死神，也是墓地的守護神。塞特與奈芙提斯之子，木乃伊的創(chuàng)造者。他引導(dǎo)死者的靈魂到審判的地方,同時監(jiān)督審判,使死者免於第二次的死亡。
安穆凱〔Anuket〕：在上埃及十分崇拜安穆凱,并把她當(dāng)成是克奴姆及沙提的女兒(或同伴)。圣獸是瞪羚。她被當(dāng)成(冷)水神,人類的頭上戴有羽毛冠。
阿頓〔Aton〕：太陽頭上之圓盤，朝日剛露出地平線時的太陽神。在阿克奈天（即 Amenhotep IV）宗教改革時，被奉為唯一真神，他的繼任者 杜唐卡門王（Tuankhamun）因神官而恢復(fù)以前崇拜阿蒙.拉的信仰。
阿匹斯〔Apis〕：他是最早將神性表現(xiàn)在動物身上的神只,孟斐斯人多崇拜他。其象徵豐饒及生產(chǎn)力,乃一戴有太陽盤及圣蛇的公牛神,目前在孟斐斯有神牛墓,所埋葬的就是這些阿匹斯圣牛。
阿陶姆〔Atum〕：落日之太陽神，為眾神之首，是創(chuàng)造世界的主神,蘇及泰夫姆特的父親。
貝斯特〔Bast〕：貓神,崇拜中心在 Bubastis 的三角洲城。自從貓變成寵物后,貝斯特變成家中很重要的神只及圖像.(貓殺死攻擊太陽神的蛇常被畫在紙沙草上)。
貝斯〔Bes〕：本為非洲的原始信仰,十二王朝時期方進入埃及,是一有胡子且好笑的矮子,充份顯示出想像力聚集的成果,是以往的埃及人所沒有的。其被當(dāng)成音樂之神,且保護那些表演的孩子們。
艾謝特〔Amset〕：荷魯斯的四個兒子之一,看似木乃伊,保護已死人的肝,也被伊西斯女神保護。
哈碧〔Hapi〕：荷魯斯的四個兒子之一,是一具有狒狒頭的木乃伊,保護已死人的肺,也被奈芙提斯女神保護。
杜米特夫〔Duamutef〕：荷魯斯的四個兒子之一,是一具有狐狼頭的木乃伊,保護已死人的胃,也被奈斯女神保護。
奎本漢穆夫〔Qebhsenuef〕：荷魯斯的四個兒子之一,是一具有獵鷹頭的木乃伊,保護已死人的腸,也被塞勒凱特女神保護。
艾德喬〔Edjo〕：三角洲的蛇神,下埃及的象徵及守護神。
給布〔Geb〕：大地之神，表示植物生長繁茂的地面。地球之神,蘇及泰夫姆特之子;奴特的兄弟及丈夫;奧西里斯,伊西斯,塞特,奈芙提斯的父親。圣獸是鵝,通常以黑或綠皮膚男人的形象出現(xiàn),分別表現(xiàn)生長的萬物及肥沃的尼羅河。有人說他掌有死者靈魂是否下地獄的權(quán)柄,使人不能上天堂。
荷魯斯〔Horus〕：鷹神，王權(quán)的守護者，外形幻化為鷹；為奧西里斯與伊西斯之子。法老即為人間的荷魯斯。
哈波奎特斯〔Harpocrates〕：孩提時的荷魯斯(Horus the child), 用以區(qū)別年長后的荷魯斯。他保護上埃及的小孩子,頭發(fā)旁分并吸著手指。
哈托爾〔Hathor〕：愛及豐饒的女神，是古埃及所有女神中最美的，外形幻化成牡牛。埃及最古老的女神之一,希臘文提及其為天空女神。他經(jīng)常被視予和伊西斯相同,主要崇拜地在 Edfu ,以為是荷魯斯之妻。在底比斯他曾被認(rèn)為是死神,但是一般均認(rèn)為他是愛,舞,酒及外國之神。
?？亍睭eqet〕：青蛙頭的女神,乃八個最被隱士崇拜的神只之一。在 Antinoe 被視為是克奴姆之妻。
海魯拉哈〔Heruraha〕：由RaHoorKhuit 和HoorparKraat 組成。這個名字在埃及文中意指"Horus and Ra be Praised!"(贊美荷魯斯及拉)當(dāng)然,這是不同與言所翻譯出來的意義,或許只是因為要進入不同文化所譯的。
伊姆賀特普〔Imhotep〕：是建筑師,醫(yī)生,更是第三王朝 Zoser 王的宰相,為 Zoser 王在塞加拉(Sakkara)建造了階梯金字塔。在他死后被奉為醫(yī)藥之神及布塔神之子,與托特神同為書記的守護神;希臘則尊之為 Asklepios。
伊西斯〔Isis〕：守護死者的女神，亦為生命與健康之神。奧西里斯之妻，荷魯斯之母,奈芙提斯的姐妹。她可以說是埃及神話中最重要亦最受歡迎的女神之一,古埃及人相信她是宇宙間最有魔力的魔術(shù)師,因為她知道太陽神的秘密名字。她保護荷魯斯的兒子艾謝特;幫助奧西里斯復(fù)生,且?guī)椭芾碲こ恰?
凱宏斯〔Khons〕/孔蘇〔Khonsu〕：底比斯三神之一(阿蒙及姆特),月神，亦為醫(yī)療之神，其父為阿蒙神，母為姆特神，三神同立於一座,在卡納克外圍有其神廟。關(guān)於他最有名的故事應(yīng)是他在古游戲Senet中與托特為對,并以他的光為賭注;托特贏了比賽,因此他無法展現(xiàn)他所有的光芒除了滿月時(這或許正是月有陰晴的傳說吧)。
凱布利〔Khepri〕：甲蟲神，亦為早晨之太陽神，常被認(rèn)為與拉相同。代表太陽在天上周行一日的路徑。Kheper在埃及文中意指許多,但根據(jù)上下文所得,多指創(chuàng)造或轉(zhuǎn)換("to creat" or "to transform"),而且也代表了圣甲蟲。它之所以受此尊重乃因太陽的升起就像甲蟲滾動著它的卵,因此它代表了太陽在天空運行的推進器。
克奴姆〔Khnum〕：公羊神,創(chuàng)造神之一,配偶是海奎特,奈斯或沙提。
敏〔Min〕：生產(chǎn)及收獲之神，亦為道路和沙漠旅行者的守護神，可布特斯之主神。全名是Menukamutf("Min, Bull of his Mother"),是一個很男性化的神,通常人們把萵苣當(dāng)成祭品獻給他,然后吃掉便能獲得成年的標(biāo)志(成年禮)。乃愛之女神奎特的丈夫。
莫〔Month〕：在阿蒙神興起之前是底比斯的主神,通常以一獵鷹頭人身的形象和荷魯斯一起出現(xiàn),乃戰(zhàn)爭之神。
姆特〔Mut〕：戰(zhàn)爭女神，阿蒙神之妻，孔蘇神之母，外形幻化成母獅。Mut這個名字在埃及文中意指母親,是月神孔蘇之母。
馬特〔Maat〕：正義、真理、秩序之神，為一配帶羽毛(上刻有其名)的年輕女神。在冥府執(zhí)行審判時，是將死者的心臟和她的羽毛一起放在天秤的兩邊稱重。托特的妻子,拉的女兒,其名暗示真實及正義,秩序。
奈夫圖〔Nefertum〕：布塔與塞克荷邁特最小的兒子,常以一個年青的小孩,頭戴王冠坐在盛開的蓮花的形象出現(xiàn)。
奈斯〔Neith〕：非常古老的戰(zhàn)爭女神,崇拜地在Delta,智慧女神,保護杜米特夫,鱷魚神索貝克之母。
邁荷貝特〔Nekhbet〕：保護上埃及的女神,常戴著上埃及的王冠。
奈芙提斯〔Nephthys〕：守護死者的女神。塞特之妻，阿努比斯之母。給布和奴特最小的小孩,當(dāng)塞特殺了奧西里斯時,他背棄丈夫塞特,并協(xié)助伊西斯照顧荷魯斯。奧西里斯四子中,他保護的是哈碧。
奴特〔Nut〕：天空女神，太陽之母。蘇和泰夫姆特之女,給布的妻子與姐妹,奧西里斯,伊西斯,塞特,奈芙提斯的母親,通常被畫成一具有藍色皮膚的女人,身體含有星星,四肢撐在地面,表示天空在地球上的弧度。
奧西里斯〔Osiris〕：豐饒之神，文明的賜予者。冥界之王，執(zhí)行人死后是否可得永生的審判。一般在壁畫中，若臉上涂有綠色顏料，則表是在復(fù)活中或已經(jīng)復(fù)活。他的崇拜儀式起於阿拜多斯(Abydos),因此那裏有許多他的神廟。他變得受歡迎是在中王國以后,十八王朝時他可能是最廣泛被崇拜的神只,同時,持續(xù)到晚期埃及。
布塔〔Ptah〕：萬物的創(chuàng)造者，除了為國王與職工的守護神之外，亦為孟斐斯的主神。通常以一有胡子且戴著無邊帽的男人木乃伊形像出現(xiàn),手握著 Uas(phoenixheaded)權(quán)杖,安克(Ankh)和Djed(安定的象徵)。常以Ptahsekerausar的名字和塞克,奧西里斯一起被崇拜;塞克荷邁特之夫,奈夫圖之父。
奎特〔Qetesh〕：本為敘利亞的神只,乃愛及美的女神。通常以一美麗的裸女站或坐在獅子上,手上握著花,鏡或蛇的形象,以正面出現(xiàn)(和一般埃及畫不同),敏之妻。
拉〔Ra〕：即太陽神，中王國和新王國時代握有絕對的權(quán)威。蘇及奈夫姆特之父,奴特與給布的祖父,奧西里斯等人的曾祖父,荷魯斯的曾曾祖父。十八王朝后,因為奧西里斯及伊西斯的受歡迎,連帶他也是,以Ra netjeraa nebpet("Ra, the great God, Lord of Heaven") ,更晚一些,他變成宇宙的主宰阿蒙.拉。
沙提〔Sati〕：大象女神,克奴姆之妻,有人的頭并戴有上埃及王冠,頭上并有羚羊角。
塞特〔Seth〕：沙漠、外國之神，象徵風(fēng)雨不順的季節(jié)，是奧西里斯和荷魯斯最大的敵人。十九王朝始為他翻案,重新被視為一偉大的神只,仁慈地壓抑沙漠及外國的力量以保護埃及。
塞克〔Seker〕；光之神,保護死者的靈魂通過地底世界以達來生,在孟斐斯被視為具有布塔部份神性的Ptahseker或Ptahsekerausar。通常乃一具有鷹頭的木乃伊,類似布塔。
塞克荷邁特〔Sekhmet〕：母獅女神,在孟斐斯被視為是布塔之妻,由拉自自己眼裏的火焰所創(chuàng)造,乃是為了懲罰人們所犯的罪;晚期則變成一愛好和平的女神,與慈善的貝斯特相近。
塞勒凱特〔Selket〕：蝎子女神,多為有保持平衡的蝎子在頭上的形象,為活著無辜的人們請愿,亦被當(dāng)成婦女分娩時的幫手,并曾送出七只蝎子保護伊西斯免於塞特的迫害。其乃奎本漢穆夫的保護者,之所以變得有名乃因在杜唐卡門王墓中有些關(guān)於他的收藏品在1970年代曾至美國展出。
塞拉匹斯〔Serapis〕：衰退時期的神,由希臘人綜合奧西里斯與阿匹斯所設(shè)計出的,被當(dāng)成是伊西斯的丈夫,來生與肥沃生產(chǎn)力之神,同時也是醫(yī)生與煩惱解決者。他從未獲得太多埃及人的崇拜,崇拜地在亞歷山卓。
蘇〔Shu〕：大氣（空氣）之神，通常會和奴特、給布一起出現(xiàn)，他立於中，支撐著奴特，而給布則橫臥於下。這個名字或許和字根she(dry, empty)有關(guān)。他是太陽光擬人化出來的神,與泰夫姆特分享一個靈魂。
索貝克〔Sobek〕：鱷魚神,崇拜地在Arsinoe,希臘名之為Crocoldilopolis,意指鱷魚;據(jù)說他具有四倍的神性,因為他具有四種元素:拉的火,蘇的空氣,給布的地球及奧西里斯的水。在死者之書中,他保護甫出生的荷魯斯,并幫助伊西斯及奈芙提斯消滅塞特。
索提斯〔Sothis〕：天狼星女性化的名字,早期其實是獵戶座(being the consort of SahuOsiris, which was Orion),與哈托爾聯(lián)合。
泰夫姆特〔Tefnut〕：雨云女神,拉之女,蘇之妻子與姐妹,給布與奴特之母,乃一具有母獅頭的女神,名字可能來自Teftef(to spit, to moisten)及Nu(水,天空)。
托特〔Thoth〕：計算、學(xué)問與智慧之神，外形或作紅鷺，或作狒狒,帶著筆及卷軸，亦為文字發(fā)明者。同是月神
托荷艾瑞斯〔Thoueris〕：荷馬女神,具豐富的生產(chǎn)力以及在婦女分娩時保護她們,與貝斯是同伴。